The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans using rafts or primitive boats, at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man showed. The first recorded visit from the West is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, who sighted the island of Samar Island on March 16, 1521 and landed on Homonhon Island (now part of Guiuan, Eastern Samar province) the next day. Homonhon Island is southeast of Samar Island.Before Magellan arrived, Negrito tribes inhabited the isles, who were subsequently joined and largely supplanted by migrating groups of Austronesians. This population had stratified into hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, petty plutocracies and maritime-oriented harbor principalities which eventually grew into kingdoms, rajahnates, principalities, confederations and sultanates. Iron Age finds in Philippines also point to the existence of trade between Tamil Nadu and the Philippine Islands during the ninth and tenth centuries B.C. States included the Indianized Rajahnate of Butuan and Cebu, the dynasty of Tondo, the august kingdoms of Maysapan and Maynila, the Confederation of Madyaas, the sinified Country of Mai, as well as the Muslim Sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao. These small maritime states flourished from as early as the 1st Millennium. These kingdoms traded with what are now called China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. The remainder of the settlements were independent Barangays allied with one of the larger states. The "balangay" or "barangay" represented an independent community in the Archipelago ruled by a "Datu". There were, however, instances where a Datu of a certain barangay was aided by a council of elders in running the affairs of the barangay similar to privy councils of European monarchs. In that patriarchal society, the Datu and his family constituted the highest authority in the barangay and were therefore considered the equivalent of European monarchs. His rule was absolute. He dispensed justice and declared war against other barangays. Therefore, at the apex of pre-Spanish nobility in the Philippine Archipelago, was the Datu – the term commonly use by the Tagalogs. In Mindanao, ‘Sultan’ and ‘Rajah’ were used accordingly for the highest chief of their respective communities.Spanish colonization and settlement began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition on February 13, 1565 who established the first permanent settlement of San Miguel on the island of Cebu. The expedition continued northward reaching the bay of Manila on the island of Luzon on June 24, 1571, where they established a new town and thus began an era of Spanish colonization that lasted for more than three centuries.Spanish rule achieved the political unification of almost the whole archipelago, that previously had been composed by independent kingdoms and communities, pushing back south the advancing Islamic forces and creating the first draft of the nation that was to be known as the Philippines. Spain also introduced Christianity, the code of law, the oldest Universities and the first public education system in Asia, the western European version of printing, the Gregorian calendarand invested heavily on all kinds of modern infrastructures, such as train networks and modern bridges.The Spanish East Indies were ruled as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and administered from Mexico City from 1565 to 1821, and administered directly fromMadrid, Spain from 1821 until the end of the Spanish–American War in 1898, except for a brief period of British rule from 1762 to 1764. During the Spanish period, numerous towns were founded, infrastructures built, new crops and livestock introduced. The Chinese, British, Portuguese, Dutch, Japanese, and indigenous traders, complained that the Spanish reduced trade by attempting to enforce a Spanish monopoly. Spanish missionaries attempted to convert the population to Christianity and were eventually generally successful in the northern and central lowlands. They founded schools, a university, and some hospitals, principally in Manila and the largest Spanish fort settlements. Universal education was made free for all Filipino subjects in 1863 and remained so until the end of the Spanish colonial era. This measure was at the vanguard of contemporary Asian countries, and led to an important class of educated natives, like José Rizal. Ironically, it was during the initial years of American occupation in the early 20th century, that Spanish literature and press flourished.The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in August 1896, culminating two years later with a proclamation of independence and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic. However, the Treaty of Paris, at the end of the Spanish–American War, transferred control of the Philippines to the United States. This agreement was not recognized by the insurgent First Philippine Republic Government which, on June 2, 1899, proclaimed a Declaration of War against the United States. ThePhilippine–American War which ensued resulted in massive casualties. Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in 1901 and the U.S. government declared the conflict officially over in 1902. The Filipino leaders, for the most part, accepted that the Americans had won, but hostilities continued and only began to decline in 1913, leaving a total number of casualties on the Filipino side of more than one million dead, many of them civilians.The U.S. had established a military government in the Philippines on August 14, 1898, following the capture of Manila. Civil government was inaugurated on July 1, 1901. An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a bicameral legislature.[15] Commonwealth status was granted in 1935, preparatory to a planned full independence from the United States in 1946. Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by the Japanese occupation of the islands during World War II. After the end of the war, the Treaty of Manila established the Philippine Republic as an independent nation.With a promising economy in the 1950s and 1960s, the Philippines in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw a rise of student activism and civil unrest against PresidentFerdinand Marcos who declared martial law in 1972. The peaceful and bloodless People Power Revolution of 1986, however, brought about the ousting of Marcos and a return to democracy for the country. The period since then, however, has been marked by political instability and hampered economic productivity
Ferdinand Magellan He was born in a still disputed location in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia).Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. His expedition completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines. (For background see Exploration of the Pacific.)Magellan also gives his name to the Magellanic Penguin, which he was the first European to note; the Magellanic clouds, now known to be nearby dwarf galaxies; the twin lunar craters of Magelhaens and Magelhaens A; and the Martian crater of Magelhaens.
Mga gamit sa pilipinas noong sinaunang panahon:A sibat is a staff or spear used as a weapon or tool by natives of the Philippines. It also called bangkaw, sumbling or palupad in the islands of Visayas and Mindanao. Sibat are typically made from rattan, either with a sharpened tip or a head made from metal. These heads may either be single-edged, double-edged or barbed. Styles vary according to function and origin. For example, a sibat designed for fishing may not be the same as those used for hunting wild game.The sibat is widely used in Filipino martial arts such as San Miguel Eskrima, Inayan Eskrima and Pekiti-Tirsia Kali.
Bahag refers to the loincloth which was commonly used throughout the Philippines before the arrival of European colonizers, and which is used by some indigenous tribes of the Philippines today - most notably the Cordillerans in Northern Luzon.It is basically a hand-loomed piece of long cloth that is wrapped around a man's middle. The design of the weave is often unique to the tribe of the person wearing the Bahag, much like the Celtic Tartans were.Modern bahags have since found their way to the lowlands as table runners, serviettes, and other decor and fashion accoutrements.
890-710 B.C. this is the oldest jar in the philippines
2.)Migration Theory
The first migrants were what Beyer caked the “Dawnmen” (or “cavemen” because they lived in caves.). The Dawnmen resembled Java Man, Peking Man, and other Asian Home sapiens who existed about 250,000 years ago. They did not have any knowledge of agriculture, and lived by hunting and fishing. It was precisely in search of food that they came to the Philippines by way of the land bridges that connected the Philippines and Indonesia. Owing perhaps to their migratory nature, they eventually left the Philippines for destinations unknown.The second group of migrants was composed of dark-skinned pygmies called “Aetas’ or “Negritoes”. About 30,000 years ago, they crossed the land bridged from Malaya, Borneo, and Australia until they reached Palawan, Mindoro and Mindanao. They were pygmies who went around practically naked and were good at hunting, fishing and food gathering. They used spears and small flint stones weapons.The Aetas were already in the Philippines when the land bridges disappeared due to the thinning of the ice glaciers and the subsequent increase in seawater level. This natural events “forced” them to remain in the country and become its first permanent inhabitants.Because of the disappearance of the land bridges, the third wave of migrants was necessarily skilled in seafaring. These were the Indonesians, who came to the islands in boats. They were more advanced than the Aetas in that: they had tools made out of stone and steel, which enabled them to build sturdier houses: they engaged in farming and mining, and used materials made of brass; they wore clothing and other body ornaments.Last to migrate to the Philippines, according to Beyer, were Malays. They were believed to have come from Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula more than 2,000 years ago. Like the Indonesians, they also traveled in boats.The Malays were brown-skinned and of medium height, with straight black hair and flat noses. Their technology was said to be more advanced than that of their predecessors. They engaged in pottery, weaving, jewelry making and metal smelting, and introduced the irrigation system in rice planting.
2.Naniniwala ka ba sa teoryang tulay?
Teoryang ng Lupa sa pilipinas- ito ay ang teorya kung bakit nabuo ang pilipinas. ayon sa teoryang tulay na lupa nagkahiwahiwalay ito kaya nabuo ang pilipinas. may mga tulay ng lupang naguugnay sa Pilipinas at sa karatigbansa nito, ayon kay Propesor H. Otley Beyer, isang dalubhasang arkeologo mula sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. tinatayang nagsimula ito noong panahon ng yelo na may 1.8 milyong taon na ng nakakalipas. nagsilbi itong daanan ng mga taong dumating sa pilipinas mula sa mainland asia.
3 Describe the physical & behavioral characteristics of Aetas, Malays & Indonese
Aeta (Ayta, pronounced eye-tə), or Agta, are an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated mountainous parts of Luzon, Philippines. They are considered to be Negritos, who are dark to very dark brown-skinned and tend to have features such as a small stature, small frame, curly to kinky afro-like textured hair with a higher frequency of naturally lighter hair color (blondism) relative to the general population, small nose, and dark brown eyes. They are thought to be among the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines, preceding the Austronesian migrations.The Aeta were included in the group of people termed "Negrito" during Spanish colonial rule as Negritos. Various Aeta groups in northern Luzon are known as "Pugut" or "Pugot," a name designated by their Ilocano-speaking neighbors, and which is the colloquial term for those with darker complexions. In Ilocano, the word also means "goblin" or "forest spirit." However, these terms are considered by fellow Negritos of northern Luzon as inappropriate and offensive.ClothingTheir traditional clothing is very plain. The young women wear wrap around skirts. Elder women wear bark cloth, while elder men wear loin cloths. The old women of the Agta wear a bark cloth strip which passes between the legs, and is attached to a string around the waist. Today most Aeta who have been in contact with lowlanders have adopted the T-shirts, pants and rubber sandals commonly used by the latter.
Indones
Ang mga Indones ang tinatayang sumunod na pangkat na nakarating sa Pilipinas sa pamamagitan ng mga bangkang inuka sa kahoy na tinatawag na balangay.
Unang pangkat[baguhin]Nagmula sila sa Timog-silangang Asya. Mapuputi sila at balingkinitan ang pangangatawan, matangkad kaysa sa mga negrito, makitid ang mukha, malapad ang noo, malalim ang mga mata at matangos ang ilong. Dumating sila sa Pilipinas may 5,000 hanggang 6,000 taon na nakakalipas. Mas maganda at makabago ang kanilang kalinangan at pamumuhay. Ang kanilang mga pabilog na bahay ay yari sa kahoy at may bubong na yari sa damo o talahib. Ang mga bahay nila ay nakatayo sa lupa o di kaya'y nakahukay sa lupa na may isang metro ang lalim. Ang iba naman ay nasa tuktok na punungkahoy ang bahay. Namuhay sila sa pamamagitan ng pamamana, pangingisda at pagkakaingin. Binubungkal nila ang lupa at nagtatanim ng tugi at milet. Niluluto nila ang kanilang mga pagkain. Ang kanilang kagamitan tulad ng pinggan ay yari sa dahon. Sila ang mga unang pangkat ng mga Indones.
Pinaniniwalaang ninuno sila ng mga Ilongot ng Sierra Madre at ng Caraballo.Ikalawang pangkat[baguhin]
Ang pangalawang pangkat ng mga Indones na dumagsa sa Pilipinas ay maitim, malapad ang mukha, makapal ang labi, malaki ang panga, malaki ang ilong, bilugan ang mga mata at malaki ang pangangatawan. Sila ay galing sa tangway ng Indo-Tsina at naninirahan sa mga baybayin ng Luzon. Higit na mas maunlad ang kanilang pamumuhay kaysa sa mga naunang dumating sa pilipinas.Ang sumunod na pangkat na nakarating sa Pilipinas ay ang mga taong nangngaling sa Gitnang Asya, may kulang-kulang isang libong taon na ang nakalilipas. Yari sa tanso ang kanilang mga kagamitan at pinaniniwalaang marunong din silang gumamit ng patubig sa kanilang pagsasaka. Natatanim sila ng palay, gabi, ube at iba't ibang uri ng halamang makakain.MalayMalays (Malay: Melayu Jawi: ملايو) are an ethnic group of Austronesian people predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, nearby parts of the coast of Indonesia such as eastern Sumatra, southernmost parts of Thailand, south coast Burma and island of Singapore, coastal Borneo, including Brunei, West Kalimantan, coastal Sarawak and Sabah, and the smaller islands which lie between these locations - collectively known as the Alam Melayu. These locations today are part of the modern nations of Malaysia, Western Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Southern Burma and Southern Thailand.
Ferdinand Magellan He was born in a still disputed location in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia).Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. His expedition completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines. (For background see Exploration of the Pacific.)Magellan also gives his name to the Magellanic Penguin, which he was the first European to note; the Magellanic clouds, now known to be nearby dwarf galaxies; the twin lunar craters of Magelhaens and Magelhaens A; and the Martian crater of Magelhaens.
Mga gamit sa pilipinas noong sinaunang panahon:A sibat is a staff or spear used as a weapon or tool by natives of the Philippines. It also called bangkaw, sumbling or palupad in the islands of Visayas and Mindanao. Sibat are typically made from rattan, either with a sharpened tip or a head made from metal. These heads may either be single-edged, double-edged or barbed. Styles vary according to function and origin. For example, a sibat designed for fishing may not be the same as those used for hunting wild game.The sibat is widely used in Filipino martial arts such as San Miguel Eskrima, Inayan Eskrima and Pekiti-Tirsia Kali.
Bahag refers to the loincloth which was commonly used throughout the Philippines before the arrival of European colonizers, and which is used by some indigenous tribes of the Philippines today - most notably the Cordillerans in Northern Luzon.It is basically a hand-loomed piece of long cloth that is wrapped around a man's middle. The design of the weave is often unique to the tribe of the person wearing the Bahag, much like the Celtic Tartans were.Modern bahags have since found their way to the lowlands as table runners, serviettes, and other decor and fashion accoutrements.
The palayok is made of earthenware, a porous ceramic material. This allows steam from cooking to evaporate out of the pores in the earthenware. Juices from the cooking food would not begin to burn until all the water has evaporated, after which the food is thoroughly cooked. Since ceramic does not transfer heat as much as metal, cooking in a palayok entails a longer time and a higher temperature that would normally be using metal cookware.
1.Pick two theories on how people went to the Philippines
1.)Jocano’s TheoryRenowned Filipino anthropologist Felipe Landa Jocano disputes Beyer’s belief that Filipinos descended from Negritoes and Malays who migrated to the Philippines thousands of years ago. According to Jocano, it is difficult to prove that Negritoes were the first inhabitants of this country. The only thing that can positively concluded from fossil evidence, he says is that the first men who came to the Philippines also went to New Guinea, Java, Borneo, and Australia.In 1962, a skullcap and a portion of a jaw-presumed to be a human origin-were found in the Tabon Caves of Palawan by archaeologist Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago, who both worked for the National Museum. Carbon dating placed their age at 21,000 to 22,000 years. This proves, Jocano argues, that man came earlier to the Philippines than to the Malay Peninsula; therefore, the first inhabitants of our islands could not have come from the region. The “Tabon Man” is said to resemble Java Man and Peking Man. He gathered fruits, leaves and plants for his food. He hunted with weapons made of stone. Although further research is still being done on his life and culture, evidence shows that he was already capable of using his brain in order to survive and keep himself safe.Instead of the Migration Theory, Jocano advances the Evolution Theory, as a better explanation of how our country was first inhabited by human beings, Jocano believes that the first people of Southeast Asia were products of a long process of evolution and migration. His research indicates that they shared more or less the same culture, beliefs, practices an even similar tools and implements. These people eventually went their separate ways; some migrated to the Philippines, the others to New Guinea, Java and Borneo. Proof, Jocano says, can be found in the fossils discovered in different parts of Southeast Asia, as well as the recorded migrations of other peoples from the Asian mainland when history began to unfold. Continue to Spanish Expeditions to the Philippines. Also see "About the Philippines".
2.)Migration Theory
The first migrants were what Beyer caked the “Dawnmen” (or “cavemen” because they lived in caves.). The Dawnmen resembled Java Man, Peking Man, and other Asian Home sapiens who existed about 250,000 years ago. They did not have any knowledge of agriculture, and lived by hunting and fishing. It was precisely in search of food that they came to the Philippines by way of the land bridges that connected the Philippines and Indonesia. Owing perhaps to their migratory nature, they eventually left the Philippines for destinations unknown.The second group of migrants was composed of dark-skinned pygmies called “Aetas’ or “Negritoes”. About 30,000 years ago, they crossed the land bridged from Malaya, Borneo, and Australia until they reached Palawan, Mindoro and Mindanao. They were pygmies who went around practically naked and were good at hunting, fishing and food gathering. They used spears and small flint stones weapons.The Aetas were already in the Philippines when the land bridges disappeared due to the thinning of the ice glaciers and the subsequent increase in seawater level. This natural events “forced” them to remain in the country and become its first permanent inhabitants.Because of the disappearance of the land bridges, the third wave of migrants was necessarily skilled in seafaring. These were the Indonesians, who came to the islands in boats. They were more advanced than the Aetas in that: they had tools made out of stone and steel, which enabled them to build sturdier houses: they engaged in farming and mining, and used materials made of brass; they wore clothing and other body ornaments.Last to migrate to the Philippines, according to Beyer, were Malays. They were believed to have come from Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula more than 2,000 years ago. Like the Indonesians, they also traveled in boats.The Malays were brown-skinned and of medium height, with straight black hair and flat noses. Their technology was said to be more advanced than that of their predecessors. They engaged in pottery, weaving, jewelry making and metal smelting, and introduced the irrigation system in rice planting.
2.Naniniwala ka ba sa teoryang tulay?
Teoryang ng Lupa sa pilipinas- ito ay ang teorya kung bakit nabuo ang pilipinas. ayon sa teoryang tulay na lupa nagkahiwahiwalay ito kaya nabuo ang pilipinas. may mga tulay ng lupang naguugnay sa Pilipinas at sa karatigbansa nito, ayon kay Propesor H. Otley Beyer, isang dalubhasang arkeologo mula sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. tinatayang nagsimula ito noong panahon ng yelo na may 1.8 milyong taon na ng nakakalipas. nagsilbi itong daanan ng mga taong dumating sa pilipinas mula sa mainland asia.
3 Describe the physical & behavioral characteristics of Aetas, Malays & Indonese
Aeta (Ayta, pronounced eye-tə), or Agta, are an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated mountainous parts of Luzon, Philippines. They are considered to be Negritos, who are dark to very dark brown-skinned and tend to have features such as a small stature, small frame, curly to kinky afro-like textured hair with a higher frequency of naturally lighter hair color (blondism) relative to the general population, small nose, and dark brown eyes. They are thought to be among the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines, preceding the Austronesian migrations.The Aeta were included in the group of people termed "Negrito" during Spanish colonial rule as Negritos. Various Aeta groups in northern Luzon are known as "Pugut" or "Pugot," a name designated by their Ilocano-speaking neighbors, and which is the colloquial term for those with darker complexions. In Ilocano, the word also means "goblin" or "forest spirit." However, these terms are considered by fellow Negritos of northern Luzon as inappropriate and offensive.ClothingTheir traditional clothing is very plain. The young women wear wrap around skirts. Elder women wear bark cloth, while elder men wear loin cloths. The old women of the Agta wear a bark cloth strip which passes between the legs, and is attached to a string around the waist. Today most Aeta who have been in contact with lowlanders have adopted the T-shirts, pants and rubber sandals commonly used by the latter.
Indones
Ang mga Indones ang tinatayang sumunod na pangkat na nakarating sa Pilipinas sa pamamagitan ng mga bangkang inuka sa kahoy na tinatawag na balangay.
Unang pangkat[baguhin]Nagmula sila sa Timog-silangang Asya. Mapuputi sila at balingkinitan ang pangangatawan, matangkad kaysa sa mga negrito, makitid ang mukha, malapad ang noo, malalim ang mga mata at matangos ang ilong. Dumating sila sa Pilipinas may 5,000 hanggang 6,000 taon na nakakalipas. Mas maganda at makabago ang kanilang kalinangan at pamumuhay. Ang kanilang mga pabilog na bahay ay yari sa kahoy at may bubong na yari sa damo o talahib. Ang mga bahay nila ay nakatayo sa lupa o di kaya'y nakahukay sa lupa na may isang metro ang lalim. Ang iba naman ay nasa tuktok na punungkahoy ang bahay. Namuhay sila sa pamamagitan ng pamamana, pangingisda at pagkakaingin. Binubungkal nila ang lupa at nagtatanim ng tugi at milet. Niluluto nila ang kanilang mga pagkain. Ang kanilang kagamitan tulad ng pinggan ay yari sa dahon. Sila ang mga unang pangkat ng mga Indones.
Pinaniniwalaang ninuno sila ng mga Ilongot ng Sierra Madre at ng Caraballo.Ikalawang pangkat[baguhin]
Ang pangalawang pangkat ng mga Indones na dumagsa sa Pilipinas ay maitim, malapad ang mukha, makapal ang labi, malaki ang panga, malaki ang ilong, bilugan ang mga mata at malaki ang pangangatawan. Sila ay galing sa tangway ng Indo-Tsina at naninirahan sa mga baybayin ng Luzon. Higit na mas maunlad ang kanilang pamumuhay kaysa sa mga naunang dumating sa pilipinas.Ang sumunod na pangkat na nakarating sa Pilipinas ay ang mga taong nangngaling sa Gitnang Asya, may kulang-kulang isang libong taon na ang nakalilipas. Yari sa tanso ang kanilang mga kagamitan at pinaniniwalaang marunong din silang gumamit ng patubig sa kanilang pagsasaka. Natatanim sila ng palay, gabi, ube at iba't ibang uri ng halamang makakain.MalayMalays (Malay: Melayu Jawi: ملايو) are an ethnic group of Austronesian people predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, nearby parts of the coast of Indonesia such as eastern Sumatra, southernmost parts of Thailand, south coast Burma and island of Singapore, coastal Borneo, including Brunei, West Kalimantan, coastal Sarawak and Sabah, and the smaller islands which lie between these locations - collectively known as the Alam Melayu. These locations today are part of the modern nations of Malaysia, Western Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Southern Burma and Southern Thailand.
4. Do you believe the scientific claims that taiwanese were our nearest genetic relatives? why?
maaring pwede kung ibabase naten sa teoryang tulay un ay possible dahil magkalapit lang ang taiwan at pilipinas ng sa gayon maaring related sila sa isat isa.
5.What behaviors of Filipinos before are actually being observed until today?
Filipinos are very hospitable when we have a visitor we took a lot of service to make visitors comfortable. Filipino is very friendly Even encounter circumstances and problems their have time to get smile.
References: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page> <https://www.google.com.ph/webhp?hl=en&tab=ww>Johne D. Tolosa 21M1 BSHRM
